Several mechanisms may cause prerenal hypoperfusion, including severe dehydration, myoedema, and myocardial dysfunction. Renal hypoperfusion is one of the causes of renal dysfunction. The pathogenesis of acute kidney injury in heat stroke involves several mechanisms. Īcute kidney injury is one of the most common complications of heat stroke previous studies demonstrated that it is more common in exertional heat stroke. Supportive treatment includes fluid resuscitation, electrolyte abnormalities correction, and organ failure support. Although both invasive and noninvasive methods have been used in clinical practice, no prospective study has demonstrated the superiority of either method. The targets of cooling are to reduce the body core temperature to 39 ☌ within 10–40 min and to 38.5 ☌ or below within 2 h. Rapid and effective cooling, along with supportive measures, are the standard treatment of heat stroke. Nonexertional heat stroke, also called classic heat stroke, is common among elderly patients exposed to prolonged hot and humid environments, while exertional heat stroke frequently occurs in active young adults who undergo extreme exertion at high temperatures. Heat stroke is categorized as either nonexertional and exertional. It is characterized by a core body temperature of more than 40 ☌, combined with hot, dry skin and alteration of the central nervous system. Heat stroke is the most severe form of heat-related illness. The impact of heat stress has become an important issue as the average global temperature has increased. Acute kidney injury was associated with several complications, and higher mortality and resource utilization. Approximately one third of heat stroke patients developed acute kidney injury during hospitalization. Length of hospital stay and hospitalization cost were higher in acute kidney injury patients. ![]() Acute kidney injury was associated with electrolyte and acid-base derangements, sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, ventricular arrhythmia or cardiac arrest, respiratory, circulatory, liver, neurological, hematological failure, and in-hospital mortality. The need for mechanical ventilation and blood transfusion was higher when acute kidney injury occurred. The risk factors for acute kidney injury included age 20–39 years, African American race, obesity, chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failure, and rhabdomyolysis, whereas age <20 or ≥60 years were associated with lower risk of acute kidney injury. Acute kidney injury occurred in 1206 (36%) admissions, of which 49 (1.5%) required dialysis. A total of 3346 hospital admissions were included in the analysis. ![]() The associations between acute kidney injury and clinical characteristics, in-hospital treatments, outcomes, and resource utilization were assessed using multivariable analyses. The occurrence of acute kidney injury during hospitalization was identified using the hospital diagnosis code. End stage kidney disease patients were excluded. Hospitalized patients from years 2003 to 2014 with a primary diagnosis of heat stroke were identified in the National Inpatient Sample dataset. ![]() Unlike atrial fibrillation which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction.This study aims to evaluate the risk factors and the association of acute kidney injury with treatments, complications, outcomes, and resource utilization in patients hospitalized for heat stroke in the United States.
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